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Proprietary Blend (we offer both liquid and capsule forms):

Glucuronolactone
Malic Acid
Magnesium malate
Vitamin C
Citric acid
L-Arginine
L-Citrulline
L-Taurine

NHS ENDURANCE EDGE
The endurance athlete pre-workout formula may provide a source of ATP - fuel the body may need as a fuel source.

Arginine once again acts to increase blood flow to the body by relaxing the endothelial cells of the circulatory system which provides a lower blood pressure with increased blood flow that moves energy in and waste products out more efficiently.

The remaining materials in the enduro formula provides for the conversion of waste products generated by the athletic activity to a form that is removable by the body.

This becomes very important as fatigue arises from the waste by-products associated with energy production and consumption.

Explanation of Key Ingredients:

Citrulline is an amino acid that supports the body in optimizing blood flow through its conversion to L-arginine and then nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is involved in vasodilatation, and low levels are associated with mental and physical fatigue and sexual dysfunction.

Citrulline, which is considered a non-essential amino acid synthesized in the intestinal tract from Glutamine, converts to Arginine in the endothelial cells. This biochemical process involves L-Aspartate and the enzymes Argininosuccinate Synthetase and Argininosuccinate Lyase, in the presence of ATP. Arginine is important for Nitric Oxide production for cardiovascular health; however, most Arginine is utilized in the liver and kidneys, and only a fraction is available for this purpose. Since Citrulline is a precursor to Arginine, it allows for increased and sustained Nitric Oxide production in the endothelium for support of circulatory function.

Oral Citrulline supplementation provides a readily available source of Citrulline for this purpose, and some recent research further indicates that Citrulline may be the preferred source of cellular Arginine. In addition Citrulline also increases energy, stimulates the immune system, and is essential for Urea Cycle function as well.

Glucuronolactone -is a fascinating compound and appears not only to be safe, but hepatoprotective. A pathway of interest is the clearance of toxic metabolites and liberation of lipophillic steroids. DGL may increase the bioavailability of an exogenous hormone being administered, thereby increasing the direct effect elicited.

Moreover, the compound could remove metabolites that could potentially be hepatotoxic and may reverse prior liver damage. DGL may also be an ergogenic aid by protecting glycogen stores and their synthesis. Lastly, it may be joint and tendon protective benefiting the athlete by potentially reducing risk of injury and associated pain.

This fully referenced article should serve as an exhaustive resource for the athlete, through scientifically-based research and theory. I would appreciate feedback from readers that have supplemented with the compound (especially in its pure form) on its performance, liver, and joint benefits

Malic acid -is both derived from food sources and synthesized in the body through the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. Its importance to the production of energy in the body during both aerobic and anaerobic conditions is well established. Under aerobic conditions, the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate provides reducing equivalents to the mitochondria through the malate-aspartate redox shuttle. During anaerobic conditions, where a buildup of excess of reducing equivalents inhibits glycolysis, malic acids simultaneous reduction to succinate and oxidation to oxaloacetate is capable of removing the accumulating reducing equivalents. This allows malic acid to reverse hypoxias inhibition of glycolysis and energy production. This may allow malic acid to improve energy production in FM, reversing the negative effect of the relative hypoxia (a shortage of oxygen in the body).

*References:

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Falk DJ, Heelan KA, Thyfault JP, Koch AJ. Effects of effervescent creatine, ribose, and glutamine supplementation on muscular strength, muscular endurance, and body composition. Strength Cond Res 2003;17:810-6.

Foker JE, Einzig S, Wang T. Adenosine metabolism and myocardial preservation. Consequences of adenosine catabolism on myocardial high-energy compounds and tissue blood flow. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980;80:506-16.

Fox IH, Kelley WN. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate in man: biochemical and clinical significance. Ann Intern Med 1971;74:424-33.

Gross M, Reiter S, Zollner N. Metabolism of D-ribose administered continuously to healthy persons and to patients with myoadenylate deaminase deficiency. Klin Wochenschr 1989;67:1205-13.

Hegewald MG, Palac RT, Angello DA, et al. Ribose infusion accelerates thallium redistribution with early imaging compared with late 24-hour imaging without ribose. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:1671-81.

Hellsten-Westing Y, Norman B, Balsom PD, et al. Decreased resting levels of adenine nucleotides in human skeletal muscle after high-intensity training. J Appl Physiol 1993;74:2523-8.

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Omran H, Illien S, MacCarter D, St Cyr J, Luderitz B. D-Ribose improves diastolic function and quality of life in congestive heart failure patients: a prospective feasibility study. Eur J Heart Fail 2003;5:615-9.

Op 't Eijnde B, Van Leemputte M, Brouns F, et al. No effects of oral ribose supplementation on repeated maximal exercise and de novo ATP resynthesis. J Appl Physiol 2001;91:2275-81.

Pasque MK, Wechsler AS. Metabolic intervention to affect myocardial recovery following ischemia. Ann Surg 1984;200:1-12.

Perkowski D, Wagner S, Marcus A, St. Cyr J. Ribose enhances ventricular function following off pump coronary artery bypass surgery. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:745.

Perlmutter NS, Wilson RA, Angello DA, et al. Ribose facilitates thallium-201 redistribution in patients with coronary artery disease. J Nucl Med 1991;32:193-200.

Peveler WW, Bishop PA, Whitehorn EJ. Effects of ribose as an ergogenic aid. J Strength Cond Res 2006;20:519-22.

Pliml W, von Arnim T, Stalein A, et al. Effects of ribose on excercise-induced ischaemia in stable coronary artery disease. Lancet 1992;340:507-10.

St Cyr JA, Bianco RW, Schneider JR, et al. Enhanced high energy phosphate recovery with ribose infusion after global myocardial ischemia in a canine model. J Surg Res 1989;46:157-62.

Stathis CG, Febbraio MA, Carey MF, et al. Influence of sprint training on human skeletal muscle purine nucleotide metabolism. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:1802-9.